Challenges and Opportunities on Estrus Synchronization and Mass Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows for Smallholders in Ethiopia

In this paper, the potentials and constraints on estrus synchronization (ES) artificial insemination (AI) practice for dairy cattle producers were overviewed. Compared to other African countries, Ethiopia has large numbers of population. However, self-sufficiency in milk production is not yet attained due presence a lot limitations that hamper success ES mass AI many parts country such as improper selection cows/heifers, inseminating number cows/heifers one day at specific place (which creates stress both technicians female animals), absence data recording system, lack clearly defined share responsibilities among stakeholders, poor communication collaboration motivations skills technicians, support readily available inputs, feed shortages, heat detection by smallholders time insemination, lower reproductive performances indigenous crossbred cows which consequently contributed unsuccessfulness technology.